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The basic principles of our technology
Our technology involves
the Bernulli principle, which is a case of the general energy
preservation law for a flow of an ideal uncompressible liquid
(no internal friction):
ρv2/2 + ρgH + P
= const,
where
ρ - density of the liquid
v - velocity of the flow
H - height of the liquid
P - pressure.
The constant on the right
side of the equation is called the full pressure. The dimension
of all of the equation components is a unit of energy per unit
of liquid volume.
This is called the
Bernulli equation.
For a horizontal tube, H =
const, and the equation will look look this:
ρv2/2 + P =
const
According to Bernulli
principle, full pressure in a
stabilized flow of liquid remains constant along this flow. Full
pressure consists of static pressure, dynamic pressure and
weight pressure. The Bernulli principle implies that in the case
of decrease of the flow’s cross-section, as the velocity
(dynamic pressure) of the flow increases, which in turn,
decreases static pressure. The Bernulli principle is also true
for laminar flows of gases. The phenomenon of decrease of static
pressure with increase of velocity of the flow is the principle
of operation of various types of pumps and flow meters.
The
Bernulli principle works ideally
only for zero-viscosity liquids, i.e. liquids that do not have
friction with and do not stick to the pipe surface. In reality,
experiments show that velocity of a liquid on the surface of a
solid body always precisely equals zero. This is the reason that
various surfaces, subjected to flows of liquids, always have
some kind of residue; this would also explain the layer of dust
on a ventilator.
The Bernulli principle
can be applied to a flow of an ideal uncompressible liquid
through a small opening in a side wall or in the bottom of a
wide vessel. According to the Bernulli principle:
ρgH + P0 = ρv2/2
+ P0,
where
P0 – atmospheric pressure;
H – the height of the
liquid in the vessel;
v – outflowing fluid
velocity;
Hence v = (2gh)^0.5. This
is the Toricelli formula. It shows that the liquid flows from an
opening in a wide vessel at the same velocity as a free falling
object.
Quality of the
feedstock oil.
Hydrodynamic modules,
produced by our company, do not require pre-treatment of oil.
Those modules can successfully process both refined and raw oil.
The equipment can process multiple oil types, such as rapeseed,
sunflower, palm, mustard, soybean oil, canola oil, if the oil’s
acid number does not exceed 6. No modification to the equipment
is needed to switch from on type of the oil to another.
However, to obtain a high
quality biodiesel, the oil should be as close to the standards
as possible. On the right, you can see a table with fatty acid
composition of rapeseed oil.
Rapeseed
oil fat and acid composition
|
Acid name
|
OSTU 46.072:2005
(Ukraine) |
Cimbria Sket GmbH
(Germany) Typical example |
|
|
Eruca acid, % |
|
|
|
|
|
|
>5% |
<5% |
(5% tolerance for every acid) |
|
C14:0 |
<0.2 |
<0,2 |
|
0,1 |
|
|
C16:0 |
1.5-6.4 |
2.5-6.0 |
|
5 |
|
|
C16:1 |
<3.0 |
<0.6 |
|
0,7 |
|
|
C17:0 |
- |
- |
|
0,1 |
|
|
C17:1 |
- |
- |
|
0,2 |
|
|
C18:0 |
0.5-3.1 |
0.8-2.5 |
|
1,8 |
|
|
C18:1 |
0.8-60 |
50.0-65.0 |
|
57,9 |
|
|
C18:2 |
11.0-23.0 |
18.0-20.0 |
|
21 |
|
|
C18:3 |
5.0-13.0 |
6.0-14.0 |
|
10,3 |
|
|
C20:0 |
3.0 |
0.1-1.2 |
|
0,6 |
|
|
C20:1 |
3.0-15.0 |
0.1-4.3 |
|
1,4 |
|
|
C20:2 |
<1.0 |
- |
|
- |
|
|
C22:0 |
<2.0 |
<0.6 |
|
0,3 |
|
|
C22:1 |
5.0-60.0 |
<5.0 |
|
0,6 |
|
|
C22:2 |
<2.0 |
- |
|
- |
|
|
C24:0 |
<2.0 |
<2.0 |
|
- |
|
|
C24:1 |
<3.0 |
<2.0 |
|
- |
|
Minimal energy
consumption.
The design of our system
uses stream oil heaters; part of the heat is compensated by the
reaction of methanol and alkali. This type of heating saves
electric energy. Besides, the technology does not use excess
methanol, which is always present in the end product (methyl
ester) in a batch reaction process. And since the reaction time
is drastically reduced compared to the old batch process, due to
the stream nature of the reaction, the energy consumption is
reduced 9 to 11 times.
“Single Pass” reaction.
The hydrodynamic
technology does not require a second stage transesterification,
unlike the old batch systems. Reaction time is reduced by
several times, but the capacities of the system we build can be
both small and very large with very compact dimensions of the
unit.
Quality of the Biodiesel is in compliance with ASTM D-6751 and
EN 14214 Standards
|
No. |
Specification |
ASTM D-6751 |
EN 14214 |
BiodieselMach fuel
specification |
|
1 |
Methyl esters content, % |
- |
>96.5 |
97.9 |
|
2 |
Density at 15C, kg/m3 |
- |
860-900 |
882.4 |
|
3 |
Viscosity at 40C, sq.mm/s |
1.9-6.0 |
3.5-5.0 |
4.24. |
|
4 |
Closed vessel flashpoint, degrees C |
>130 |
>120 |
161 |
|
5 |
Sulfur, mg/kg |
<0.05 (%) |
<10 |
0.016 |
|
6 |
Cetane number |
>47 |
>51 |
52 |
|
7 |
Sulfated ash, % (m/m) |
<0.02 |
<0.02 |
0.01 |
|
8 |
Water content by weight, % |
<0.05 |
<0.05 |
0.01 |
|
9 |
Copper strip test |
<No. 3 |
Class 1 |
Compliant |
|
10 |
Acid number, mg KOH/g |
<0.8 |
<0.5 |
0.22 |
|
11 |
Methanol content by weight, % (m/m) |
- |
<0.2 |
0.1 |
|
12 |
Monoglycerides by weight, % (m/m) |
- |
<0.8 |
0.6 |
|
13 |
Diglycerides by weight, % (m/m) |
- |
<0.2 |
0.1 |
|
14 |
Triglycerides by weight, % (m/m) |
- |
<0.2 |
0.13 |
|
15 |
Free glycerine by weight, % (mm) |
<0.02 |
<0.02 |
0.01 |
|
16 |
Total glycerine content, % (m/m) |
<0.24 |
<0.25 |
0.25 |
|
17 |
Iodine number |
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